To STUDY - Technical - New Dacian's Medicine
The Birth and Evolution of the Earth
(Part I)
We have seen what is with
the Universe in which our Earth exists, so, now we have a basis
to be able to „see” what it is with it, advancing, step by step,
towards what interests us, life.
Earth, our planet, is extraordinary, born of this extraordinary universe in which we exist. It offers everything necessary for life to exist, for us to think and „live our life.”
And, 4.5 (4.6 to 5) billion years ago, in the places where the Earth today glides was only a huge cloud of cosmic dust. From the combination of the particles of this cosmic dust, everything will be born. But its mere existence is not enough (as we will see later).
In their studies, scientists have discovered in the universe areas similar to the one where the Earth was formed. And, because the sky we are looking at is, in fact, a history, they were able to remake the history of the creation of our Earth (the celestial bodies are at light-years away, tens, hundreds, thousands, millions, and what we see are what happens there at the times when the light was emitted that only now reaches us – see previous posts about Beginnings).
Thus, in the „Eagle” nebula (nowadays we see what happens there 7,000 years ago because this nebula is 7,000 light-years away from us), we can see huge formations of „cosmic dust” called by specialists „star nurseries” „.
Here, in the area called „Pillars of Creation”, there are clouds of matter (cosmic dust) of immense dimensions. And these clouds, taking into account the 13.7 (13.8) billion years of age of the Universe, we’re not going to „compress”, evolve, to form stars, planets, or the like.
So far, scientists have only asked themselves why this „star nursery (and/or stellar system)” has not manifested itself in a similar way to our solar system... Without taking into account the dilemma posed in previous posts related to the fact: from where there is a complex matter, apart from H, He and Li, the first atoms born of the Big Bang?!? Or the existence of a second or third evolutionary generation of one or more stars that developed the nebula?!?
And in 2007, the Spitzer Space Telescope captured the image of a huge ball of gas developing „behind” (related to our observation position) of the Eagle’s nebula. This huge gas bubble was nothing more than evidence of the explosion of a huge star – a supernova.
This explosion first sent a huge wave of superheated plasma, followed by the „wave” of matter produced by the disintegration of this star. We are dealing with a huge shock wave that is heading towards the „Pillars of Creation”.
When this wave reaches these poles, it will demolish them, and produce a chain of events that will lead to the accumulations of matter needed to ignite stars and form star systems (by „plasma activation” of large mass condensations that will „ignite.” The stars, accompanied by the formation of protoplanetary disks), thus attracting the creation of new worlds.
Earth, our planet, is extraordinary, born of this extraordinary universe in which we exist. It offers everything necessary for life to exist, for us to think and „live our life.”
And, 4.5 (4.6 to 5) billion years ago, in the places where the Earth today glides was only a huge cloud of cosmic dust. From the combination of the particles of this cosmic dust, everything will be born. But its mere existence is not enough (as we will see later).
In their studies, scientists have discovered in the universe areas similar to the one where the Earth was formed. And, because the sky we are looking at is, in fact, a history, they were able to remake the history of the creation of our Earth (the celestial bodies are at light-years away, tens, hundreds, thousands, millions, and what we see are what happens there at the times when the light was emitted that only now reaches us – see previous posts about Beginnings).
Thus, in the „Eagle” nebula (nowadays we see what happens there 7,000 years ago because this nebula is 7,000 light-years away from us), we can see huge formations of „cosmic dust” called by specialists „star nurseries” „.
Here, in the area called „Pillars of Creation”, there are clouds of matter (cosmic dust) of immense dimensions. And these clouds, taking into account the 13.7 (13.8) billion years of age of the Universe, we’re not going to „compress”, evolve, to form stars, planets, or the like.
So far, scientists have only asked themselves why this „star nursery (and/or stellar system)” has not manifested itself in a similar way to our solar system... Without taking into account the dilemma posed in previous posts related to the fact: from where there is a complex matter, apart from H, He and Li, the first atoms born of the Big Bang?!? Or the existence of a second or third evolutionary generation of one or more stars that developed the nebula?!?
And in 2007, the Spitzer Space Telescope captured the image of a huge ball of gas developing „behind” (related to our observation position) of the Eagle’s nebula. This huge gas bubble was nothing more than evidence of the explosion of a huge star – a supernova.
This explosion first sent a huge wave of superheated plasma, followed by the „wave” of matter produced by the disintegration of this star. We are dealing with a huge shock wave that is heading towards the „Pillars of Creation”.
When this wave reaches these poles, it will demolish them, and produce a chain of events that will lead to the accumulations of matter needed to ignite stars and form star systems (by „plasma activation” of large mass condensations that will „ignite.” The stars, accompanied by the formation of protoplanetary disks), thus attracting the creation of new worlds.
So, here’s how the death
of a star will lead to the birth of other stars (at least,
that’s what scientists say, noticing other similar phenomena in
the „history” of our visible universe).
Thus it was concluded that similar processes occurred in the case of the formation of our star, called the Sun, and of our solar system.
But, other conclusions cannot be reached. A „large-scale” event must be able to „attract” a phenomenon that needs so many „astronomical” chances to reach production.
The age of the universe can be a factor in „mitigating” these „astronomical opportunities”, as well as the huge number of „nurseries” in the universe but, it is quite difficult not to think of something related to a divine power that will attract the „unfolding” to such a process, which „overcomes” the very small chances that such a thing will occur (or, at least, a „scheduled” process that has no way of „happening” otherwise).
Moreover, it is interesting that the Earth has exactly the optimal distance to the Sun, the optimal size, a satellite of exact dimensions that will attract the gyroscopic stabilization and the other processes that participated in the formation of life and for the water to be „perfectly usable” by life.
Everything is perfectly „tuned” for life to appear (you will easily pull this off especially if you read older posts about water, including those that will follow) …
Returning to our „story”, the plasma waves (a form of „high energy expression” of matter) and matter from the supernova that exploded in our vicinity determined the ignition of an already existing concentration that induced the ignition of the Sun.
But how did this concentration of matter form which led to the Sun’s ignition? Here things are quite simple due to the action of gravity which acted much easier on the gases than on the particles of matter (at least this is what the scientists confirm).
Gradually, during 8-9 billion years, the gases were concentrated due to the gravitational attraction in accumulation centers (the places where the future stars will form), which didn’t happen with the rest of the matter, which is more difficult from the point of view of atomic structure and mass.
Thus it was concluded that similar processes occurred in the case of the formation of our star, called the Sun, and of our solar system.
But, other conclusions cannot be reached. A „large-scale” event must be able to „attract” a phenomenon that needs so many „astronomical” chances to reach production.
The age of the universe can be a factor in „mitigating” these „astronomical opportunities”, as well as the huge number of „nurseries” in the universe but, it is quite difficult not to think of something related to a divine power that will attract the „unfolding” to such a process, which „overcomes” the very small chances that such a thing will occur (or, at least, a „scheduled” process that has no way of „happening” otherwise).
Moreover, it is interesting that the Earth has exactly the optimal distance to the Sun, the optimal size, a satellite of exact dimensions that will attract the gyroscopic stabilization and the other processes that participated in the formation of life and for the water to be „perfectly usable” by life.
Everything is perfectly „tuned” for life to appear (you will easily pull this off especially if you read older posts about water, including those that will follow) …
Returning to our „story”, the plasma waves (a form of „high energy expression” of matter) and matter from the supernova that exploded in our vicinity determined the ignition of an already existing concentration that induced the ignition of the Sun.
But how did this concentration of matter form which led to the Sun’s ignition? Here things are quite simple due to the action of gravity which acted much easier on the gases than on the particles of matter (at least this is what the scientists confirm).
Gradually, during 8-9 billion years, the gases were concentrated due to the gravitational attraction in accumulation centers (the places where the future stars will form), which didn’t happen with the rest of the matter, which is more difficult from the point of view of atomic structure and mass.
And, the wave of energy
from the supernova that „devastated” by the energy surplus the
cloud of local matter (nursery) led to the ignition of all the
stars around us, including the Sun.
Interestingly, the „last minute” discoveries attest to the fact that the original material is grouped in a kind of stratified clusters well delimited by space … Yes, you read correctly … In the case of our solar system, the first „bubble” (elliptical) is called of the heliosphere, which extends to the so-called „terminal shock” limit (placed somewhere around 100 astronomical units from the sun – an astronomical unit equals about 150 million kilometers, the distance from Sun to Earth, noted with the symbols „ua” – so about 15 billion kilometers from the Sun).
Specifically, this heliosphere represents the area of the magnetic influence of the Sun, but also the area of the present solar wind (which has speeds between 300 and 800 km / s).
At this „terminal shock”, scientists discovered that the solar wind suddenly slows until the motion is canceled, due to the external pressure in the interstellar environment … Interesting isn’t it ?!
The next layer, called the „Solar void” (Helios heath), is a transition zone between the heliosphere and the interstellar space that extends to a kind of boundary called „Helio-pause”. This „Solar void” zone has been confirmed by Voyager as a kind of magnetic bubble boundary in which the intensity of the magnetic field doubles and the presence of high-energy electrons increases dramatically.
In this area, the solar wind slows down until it is canceled, it is divided into three layers, according to this evolution of the solar wind (the slowing zone, the stagnation zone, and the free zone).
From this heliopause, scientists have discovered that there is a real hydrogen wall that stretches to the so-called „Bow Shock” limit. This hydrogen wall was discovered by the Voyager 1 probe, which also measured a sharp increase in plasma density (approximately 40 times), subsequently confirmed by the Voyager 2 probe (further confirmations also came from the Pioneer 10 and 11 program probes).
So, in addition to this „stratified” structure of the Solar system, there are still some elements worthy of great question marks. The first definitive proof is the distribution of matter within the heliosphere. It is arranged in the form of a disk around the Sun and far beyond the limits of the Bow shock, somewhere after 1,500 ua appears the „Oort Cloud” which completely envelops the whole „Solar bubble”, extending up to 15,000 ua.
So, we have to deal with a true cell-type structure … Not something else … Maybe it’s an area from which the Sun has „pulled” its matter, like the planets … Maybe … But why has clear boundaries?!? Maybe someday we’ll have the answer … Let’s go back!
Now it’s time to present elements about the formation of the planets that surround the newly formed stars and, therefore, of our solar system.
The remnants of matter, which I mentioned above, were far too small to lead to their condensation into larger, more significant structures. At most, small dust balls (literally) were forms, without the firmness of the rocks that characterize at least the meteors (being a simple agglomeration without adhesion between its components).
Also, it was found that due to the homogenization of gravitational forces, these particles of cosmic dust were also in a kind of forced equilibrium immobility, due to the relatively perfect „distribution” of the gravitational force between these particles, the accidental collisions between them doing nothing but disintegrate these dust balls and create a new balance.
Thus, the plasma wave (from the explosion of the activating supernova), which has passed over the accumulations of cosmic matter, has created both the electrostatic charge necessary for the attraction processes and the necessary impulse to start the „helping” rotation movements at the subsequent concentrations of the protoplanetary disks.
Simultaneously, the ignition of the Sun also initiated the gravitational support of orbital „capture”, keeping the concentrations of matter around it, in the future new solar system.
Thus, the appearance of the massive electrostatic charges due to the plasma wave from the „neighboring” supernova is that „what” attracted the formation of matter concentrations. How’s that?!?
This plasma wave triggered the production of a true cosmic thunderstorm of electric discharges, transforming the clouds of cosmic dust into something similar to electrostatically charged water clouds („ready for the storm”) on the Earth known to us (also, the energy was transferred after principles of material interaction, movements that initiated the circular behavior of these movements, including the one around the gravitational balance point, the one represented by the central star, the Sun).
And, these immense electrical discharges, of cosmic dimensions, attracted the formation of balls (literally) of molten matter which subsequently took on the spherical form (perfect balance) of the liquid matter.
Subsequently, upon cooling, they became capable of higher „gravitational” accumulation than that in dust balls. And, continuing the process, the electric discharges melted the new mass, even partially (but enough for „sticking” its components), resulting in increasingly larger elements (pebbles, then boulders) … Traces of these processes can be „visualized” inside meteorites that have an internal structure consisting of multiple balls of matter attached.
And with the help of these pebbles and boulders, gravity began to „work” better and better, especially since it was now helped by the gravity „provided” by the newly formed star, the Sun.
Thus the first larger boulders were formed, comparable to the current asteroids, then they acted with an increasing gravitational force forming the first meteorites having kilometers in diameter (if you can say so, because the first pebbles were spherical but the first rocks were not, having irregular shapes, because they didn’t „benefit” from the complete melting and spherical structure typical of liquids, but only from the „forced attachment” of random processes of collision „quite accidental” type).
And so, the processes, being more and more „rushed” by the increasing gravitational attraction generated by the growing bodies, brought everything into the formation stage of the first really important bodies, the protoplanets.
These protoplanets initially had to gather enough matter to enable the gravitational mechanisms of structuring matter into the spherical shape, characteristic of planets.
Thus, any „relief” irregularity of the protoplanet’s structure collapsed under its weight (gravitational effect) until the protoplanet became almost spherical, the most efficient form of agglomeration under the gravitational effect (from all points of view).
The Earth now has the spherical shape of the planets but, still, it is also a heterogeneous ball of stone coming from the accumulations of all kinds of pieces of material, structured from all kinds of materials.
But all this will change. Under the effect of the continuous bombardment of the new „pieces” of attracted matter (to consider not only the agglomeration of matter, the increase of the mass determined by it as well as the transfer of the kinetic energy of the „pieces” that hit the ground) but also of the increase of the mass to certain values, critically, the Earth begins to heat up, then to overheat.
Thus, the entire planet is no longer an agglomeration of rocks but an agglomeration of molten rocks, being liquid (magmatic). It is estimated that the temperature at that time of the Earth was at least 2,700 – 3,000 degrees Celsius, a temperature existing in the metal smelting furnaces (others say it was 8,000 degrees, similar to the temperature of the Sun’s surface). And, this liquid state, an endless ocean of lava, comparable to „Dante’s Hell” will last a long time.
During this initial liquid state (there will still be such a state), heavier materials, such as iron and other metals, literally „descended” to the center of this protoplanet forming the first metal core of the planet.
This metal core has remained liquid to this day and, ever since then, has generated the first magnetic field (weak, it is true, unable to maintain a „noteworthy” atmosphere, but existing).
And, the lighter materials, the mineral rocks, rose to form a kind of incipient mantle. This phenomenon also led to the rise of water, which, due to the heat turned into vapors, vapors that … were lost under the action of the solar wind. Yes, you read that right, there was no water left (in quantities that can be taken into account) on proto-Earth!
At that time the Earth was far too small (it is estimated that it had the maximum „volume” of the Moon – only a few hundred kilometers or, anyway, just over 2,000 – the Moon has a diameter of 3,472 km) to be able to maintain a consistent atmosphere, possibly a significant amount of water (see planet Mars, which has half the current diameter of the Earth of 12,750 km, plus the fact that it is much less dense, and which has a too-small atmosphere to be taken into account).
Or possibly the Moon, which is a fairly large body but doesn’t have „power” – I used this term because, it is about the ability not only gravitational but the possibility, the power to defeat the action of the solar wind by its gravity and possibly its existing magnetic field – to maintain an atmosphere, be it borrowed from Earth). But let’s get back (about water, later)!
And, the cooling began, with the bombardment of material, and thus the first Earth’s crust appeared. But although this new world had almost everything it has today, it had to grow in size to become the functional and wonderful Earth of today.
And, in those times (100 million years of evolution of proto-Earth), there were already hundreds of protoplanets that „revolved” around the Sun, following the scenario of evolution and attraction until then: to accumulate more and more, moreover, to what we know today is the solar system.
That period was called the „War of the Titans” period because, now, only titans of matter, protoplanets, were colliding. This period lasted over 30 million years. From these collisions, some protoplanets were effectively destroyed (shattered), while in other collisions, the smaller protoplanet would be consumed by the larger one.
And, of course, one of these protoplanets, Theia (this name was taken from Greek mythology where Theia is the mother of the goddess Selene, the goddess of the Moon – but there are other names for this planet such as Lucifer) going straight to proto-Earth.
This planet was the size of the planet Mars, larger than the proto-Earth. To our happiness, this collision was tangential (plus that the planets had the same direction of motion and not the opposite directions, so the impact resulted only from the difference of displacement between the fastest, Theia, and the slowest, Earth), causing the destruction of the proto-planet Theia and not „swallowing” of the Earth. Honestly, I don’t understand where this certainty of planet identification comes, but obviously, the scientists are right …
Another „happiness” that emerges from those events is the fact that this „Theia” was also liquid, which produced a kind of mitigation of the effects of the collision, further favoring the inclusion of a large mass of it on the planet with reduced speed (in our case Earth).
From this collision, the Earth increased its huge volume, close to the present dimensions, and Theia „broke” almost in two, yielding part of the Earth’s mass and, from the other (and the fragments resulting from the impact), the Moon formed.
There were, in fact, two important „pieces” of matter, a larger one which was the incipient Moon and an agglomeration of the explosion remnants. Thus, for many millions of years, the Earth’s sky had two moons and its kind of asteroid belt, a kind of planetary annular mass of 5,000 km wide, at a distance of 75,000 – 100,000 km from Earth (compared to an average of about 400,000 km today).
Later the greater part consumed all the other „elements” (many of them being attracted to the Earth), resulting in the massive Moon of today but, which, was placed in a much lower orbit than the current one and it was spinning much faster, compared to our days, around the Earth … The Earth was also spinning faster around its axis, the day then being only 6 hours.
Thus, the Earth has benefited from the „support” of the Moon, represented by gyro stabilization (which maintains the stability of the Earth’s motion around the Sun, maintains the stability of the axis of rotation, stabilizes the climate and, implicitly, the rotation of the seasons, etc. helping the Earth to be neither hot nor cold. for water and therefore for life), attraction and protection, etc. Without the Moon, life would not have evolved on Earth, say all specialists …
But this impact returned the Earth to the molten planetary state, to a total ocean of magma. It followed the cooling process, the lowering of the heavy elements (the new „acquired” ones) to the Earth’s core and lifting the light elements to the surface where, by cooling, they will form the earth’s crust and so on.
Interestingly, the „last minute” discoveries attest to the fact that the original material is grouped in a kind of stratified clusters well delimited by space … Yes, you read correctly … In the case of our solar system, the first „bubble” (elliptical) is called of the heliosphere, which extends to the so-called „terminal shock” limit (placed somewhere around 100 astronomical units from the sun – an astronomical unit equals about 150 million kilometers, the distance from Sun to Earth, noted with the symbols „ua” – so about 15 billion kilometers from the Sun).
Specifically, this heliosphere represents the area of the magnetic influence of the Sun, but also the area of the present solar wind (which has speeds between 300 and 800 km / s).
At this „terminal shock”, scientists discovered that the solar wind suddenly slows until the motion is canceled, due to the external pressure in the interstellar environment … Interesting isn’t it ?!
The next layer, called the „Solar void” (Helios heath), is a transition zone between the heliosphere and the interstellar space that extends to a kind of boundary called „Helio-pause”. This „Solar void” zone has been confirmed by Voyager as a kind of magnetic bubble boundary in which the intensity of the magnetic field doubles and the presence of high-energy electrons increases dramatically.
In this area, the solar wind slows down until it is canceled, it is divided into three layers, according to this evolution of the solar wind (the slowing zone, the stagnation zone, and the free zone).
From this heliopause, scientists have discovered that there is a real hydrogen wall that stretches to the so-called „Bow Shock” limit. This hydrogen wall was discovered by the Voyager 1 probe, which also measured a sharp increase in plasma density (approximately 40 times), subsequently confirmed by the Voyager 2 probe (further confirmations also came from the Pioneer 10 and 11 program probes).
So, in addition to this „stratified” structure of the Solar system, there are still some elements worthy of great question marks. The first definitive proof is the distribution of matter within the heliosphere. It is arranged in the form of a disk around the Sun and far beyond the limits of the Bow shock, somewhere after 1,500 ua appears the „Oort Cloud” which completely envelops the whole „Solar bubble”, extending up to 15,000 ua.
So, we have to deal with a true cell-type structure … Not something else … Maybe it’s an area from which the Sun has „pulled” its matter, like the planets … Maybe … But why has clear boundaries?!? Maybe someday we’ll have the answer … Let’s go back!
Now it’s time to present elements about the formation of the planets that surround the newly formed stars and, therefore, of our solar system.
The remnants of matter, which I mentioned above, were far too small to lead to their condensation into larger, more significant structures. At most, small dust balls (literally) were forms, without the firmness of the rocks that characterize at least the meteors (being a simple agglomeration without adhesion between its components).
Also, it was found that due to the homogenization of gravitational forces, these particles of cosmic dust were also in a kind of forced equilibrium immobility, due to the relatively perfect „distribution” of the gravitational force between these particles, the accidental collisions between them doing nothing but disintegrate these dust balls and create a new balance.
Thus, the plasma wave (from the explosion of the activating supernova), which has passed over the accumulations of cosmic matter, has created both the electrostatic charge necessary for the attraction processes and the necessary impulse to start the „helping” rotation movements at the subsequent concentrations of the protoplanetary disks.
Simultaneously, the ignition of the Sun also initiated the gravitational support of orbital „capture”, keeping the concentrations of matter around it, in the future new solar system.
Thus, the appearance of the massive electrostatic charges due to the plasma wave from the „neighboring” supernova is that „what” attracted the formation of matter concentrations. How’s that?!?
This plasma wave triggered the production of a true cosmic thunderstorm of electric discharges, transforming the clouds of cosmic dust into something similar to electrostatically charged water clouds („ready for the storm”) on the Earth known to us (also, the energy was transferred after principles of material interaction, movements that initiated the circular behavior of these movements, including the one around the gravitational balance point, the one represented by the central star, the Sun).
And, these immense electrical discharges, of cosmic dimensions, attracted the formation of balls (literally) of molten matter which subsequently took on the spherical form (perfect balance) of the liquid matter.
Subsequently, upon cooling, they became capable of higher „gravitational” accumulation than that in dust balls. And, continuing the process, the electric discharges melted the new mass, even partially (but enough for „sticking” its components), resulting in increasingly larger elements (pebbles, then boulders) … Traces of these processes can be „visualized” inside meteorites that have an internal structure consisting of multiple balls of matter attached.
And with the help of these pebbles and boulders, gravity began to „work” better and better, especially since it was now helped by the gravity „provided” by the newly formed star, the Sun.
Thus the first larger boulders were formed, comparable to the current asteroids, then they acted with an increasing gravitational force forming the first meteorites having kilometers in diameter (if you can say so, because the first pebbles were spherical but the first rocks were not, having irregular shapes, because they didn’t „benefit” from the complete melting and spherical structure typical of liquids, but only from the „forced attachment” of random processes of collision „quite accidental” type).
And so, the processes, being more and more „rushed” by the increasing gravitational attraction generated by the growing bodies, brought everything into the formation stage of the first really important bodies, the protoplanets.
These protoplanets initially had to gather enough matter to enable the gravitational mechanisms of structuring matter into the spherical shape, characteristic of planets.
Thus, any „relief” irregularity of the protoplanet’s structure collapsed under its weight (gravitational effect) until the protoplanet became almost spherical, the most efficient form of agglomeration under the gravitational effect (from all points of view).
The Earth now has the spherical shape of the planets but, still, it is also a heterogeneous ball of stone coming from the accumulations of all kinds of pieces of material, structured from all kinds of materials.
But all this will change. Under the effect of the continuous bombardment of the new „pieces” of attracted matter (to consider not only the agglomeration of matter, the increase of the mass determined by it as well as the transfer of the kinetic energy of the „pieces” that hit the ground) but also of the increase of the mass to certain values, critically, the Earth begins to heat up, then to overheat.
Thus, the entire planet is no longer an agglomeration of rocks but an agglomeration of molten rocks, being liquid (magmatic). It is estimated that the temperature at that time of the Earth was at least 2,700 – 3,000 degrees Celsius, a temperature existing in the metal smelting furnaces (others say it was 8,000 degrees, similar to the temperature of the Sun’s surface). And, this liquid state, an endless ocean of lava, comparable to „Dante’s Hell” will last a long time.
During this initial liquid state (there will still be such a state), heavier materials, such as iron and other metals, literally „descended” to the center of this protoplanet forming the first metal core of the planet.
This metal core has remained liquid to this day and, ever since then, has generated the first magnetic field (weak, it is true, unable to maintain a „noteworthy” atmosphere, but existing).
And, the lighter materials, the mineral rocks, rose to form a kind of incipient mantle. This phenomenon also led to the rise of water, which, due to the heat turned into vapors, vapors that … were lost under the action of the solar wind. Yes, you read that right, there was no water left (in quantities that can be taken into account) on proto-Earth!
At that time the Earth was far too small (it is estimated that it had the maximum „volume” of the Moon – only a few hundred kilometers or, anyway, just over 2,000 – the Moon has a diameter of 3,472 km) to be able to maintain a consistent atmosphere, possibly a significant amount of water (see planet Mars, which has half the current diameter of the Earth of 12,750 km, plus the fact that it is much less dense, and which has a too-small atmosphere to be taken into account).
Or possibly the Moon, which is a fairly large body but doesn’t have „power” – I used this term because, it is about the ability not only gravitational but the possibility, the power to defeat the action of the solar wind by its gravity and possibly its existing magnetic field – to maintain an atmosphere, be it borrowed from Earth). But let’s get back (about water, later)!
And, the cooling began, with the bombardment of material, and thus the first Earth’s crust appeared. But although this new world had almost everything it has today, it had to grow in size to become the functional and wonderful Earth of today.
And, in those times (100 million years of evolution of proto-Earth), there were already hundreds of protoplanets that „revolved” around the Sun, following the scenario of evolution and attraction until then: to accumulate more and more, moreover, to what we know today is the solar system.
That period was called the „War of the Titans” period because, now, only titans of matter, protoplanets, were colliding. This period lasted over 30 million years. From these collisions, some protoplanets were effectively destroyed (shattered), while in other collisions, the smaller protoplanet would be consumed by the larger one.
And, of course, one of these protoplanets, Theia (this name was taken from Greek mythology where Theia is the mother of the goddess Selene, the goddess of the Moon – but there are other names for this planet such as Lucifer) going straight to proto-Earth.
This planet was the size of the planet Mars, larger than the proto-Earth. To our happiness, this collision was tangential (plus that the planets had the same direction of motion and not the opposite directions, so the impact resulted only from the difference of displacement between the fastest, Theia, and the slowest, Earth), causing the destruction of the proto-planet Theia and not „swallowing” of the Earth. Honestly, I don’t understand where this certainty of planet identification comes, but obviously, the scientists are right …
Another „happiness” that emerges from those events is the fact that this „Theia” was also liquid, which produced a kind of mitigation of the effects of the collision, further favoring the inclusion of a large mass of it on the planet with reduced speed (in our case Earth).
From this collision, the Earth increased its huge volume, close to the present dimensions, and Theia „broke” almost in two, yielding part of the Earth’s mass and, from the other (and the fragments resulting from the impact), the Moon formed.
There were, in fact, two important „pieces” of matter, a larger one which was the incipient Moon and an agglomeration of the explosion remnants. Thus, for many millions of years, the Earth’s sky had two moons and its kind of asteroid belt, a kind of planetary annular mass of 5,000 km wide, at a distance of 75,000 – 100,000 km from Earth (compared to an average of about 400,000 km today).
Later the greater part consumed all the other „elements” (many of them being attracted to the Earth), resulting in the massive Moon of today but, which, was placed in a much lower orbit than the current one and it was spinning much faster, compared to our days, around the Earth … The Earth was also spinning faster around its axis, the day then being only 6 hours.
Thus, the Earth has benefited from the „support” of the Moon, represented by gyro stabilization (which maintains the stability of the Earth’s motion around the Sun, maintains the stability of the axis of rotation, stabilizes the climate and, implicitly, the rotation of the seasons, etc. helping the Earth to be neither hot nor cold. for water and therefore for life), attraction and protection, etc. Without the Moon, life would not have evolved on Earth, say all specialists …
But this impact returned the Earth to the molten planetary state, to a total ocean of magma. It followed the cooling process, the lowering of the heavy elements (the new „acquired” ones) to the Earth’s core and lifting the light elements to the surface where, by cooling, they will form the earth’s crust and so on.
Now a peculiarity appears
that will give birth to the Earth we know today. The extra heavy
material that descended towards the new planet's gravitational
center intensified the protective magnetic field against the
solar winds. A fact that attracted the stability of the
atmosphere of those times and the elimination of gas and water
losses resulting from the cooling process, due to the friction
of the solar wind.
And, this cooling process led to the formation of the first atmosphere which, from the existing geological evidence, had a high content of N2 (nitrogen), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and CH4 (methane). Also, both atmospheric and terrestrial, this time, the little quantities of water that existed was retained but, it was not far enough to form at least one sea, what to take into account the oceans.
Now, when Earth was a cool, dry planet, it seems to have collided with a comet, an astral body that provided Earth with a huge amount of water. At this point, it is estimated that it has been over half a million years since the Sunlight up and the Earth „began to move.” From this moment, it will be another 4 (some researchers say it would be only 3.9), billions of years will pass until the first man runs after his Eve.
Other researchers estimate that it was only a huge and long bombardment with asteroids and meteors, which also have their „share” of ice (they have an average water content of 5%, which in space exists in ice form), spread throughout at least 20, up to 100 million years.
Anyway, more than 99% of the Earth’s water comes from extraterrestrial sources … And there would be something else … This bombardment, 3.9 billion years ago, brought to Earth and the first amino acids, in sufficient quantities to initiate, eventually accelerate, the processes that will lead to the emergence of life …
Even if the atmosphere was far from favorable for life … 4 billion years ago, Earth’s atmosphere was nothing more than a hell of CO2, toxic gases of all kinds and water vapor, and other elements listed above that had a devastating greenhouse effect, with its temperature estimated to be around 150 of Celsius degrees (maybe even bigger - see current planet Venus).
Then, huge intensity storms were present all over the Earth and it is estimated that it „rained stormily” over many millions of years. The energy of these storms was given by both the high temperatures that fed the transit processes, the immense gravity of the Moon (which, as I mentioned, was very close to Earth) but also by the high speed of rotation of the Earth.
See the following!
Love, Gratitude, and Understanding!
Dorin, Merticaru