STUDY - Technical - New Dacian's Medicine
To Study - Technical - Dorin M

Pages New Dacian's MedicineThe Life (Part 1) - About Life

Translation Draft

The time has come to address the basics of life reported, obviously, as much as possible in reference to man... It will be an approach that will take into account the conclusion so far, the one with the evolution... Everything evolves... Permanent... From the Universe to any form of manifestation of energy, matter and, why not, what we call "life."

And to preserve a kind of "respect" for what man is, the best approach would be to start with the basic "organizational" element of life, the cell... Found in human tissues, found in the microbiome, found in the "primary courses" of souls...

But, I will present in the series of posts that will constitute this "other start" in the field only what is essential to understanding the necessary elements of the structures in the section "New Medicine" related to a kind of "global" manifestation, that represented by material life.

So what is life, even at the level of a simple cell? Interaction, collaboration, symbiosis, possibly parasitic... No way unmoving, dying... And in all cases, there cannot be a single cell "single" but only groups of cells, individual or in structures called "multicellular".

That's because, as he could infer from previous posts, everything does not "start" from "a single point", in our case from a single cell, but from much more than we could imagine, everything that follows becoming a kind of evolutionary methoding process that will lead to stable "products" that may exist autonomously but obviously, in collaboration with the environment...

Other details matter less at this point.

And, we will focus our attention on the human body, on its "life", starting the study by using the basic principles of scientists.

So, we will take this first step by reducing the human body to its smallest unit, the cell (especially because everything exists as a function, functionally, in the cell is also found at the level of the whole organism).

The cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of all living organisms. As the smallest unit of life, it is often classified as "life", often being called a "block of life" (the name of the cell comes from the Latin cell which means room, room).

Man has about 10 at the power of 14 cells, the typical cell size is 10 micrometers and the typical mass being one nanogram (the longest human cell is about 135 nanometers and is found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord while the granular cells in the cerebellum are the smallest having about 4 nanometers). There are two "large" types of cells: prokaryotes (usually independent cells without delimited nucleus) and eukaryotes (with delimited nucleus, cells most often found in multicellular organisms).

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are smaller and simpler than eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, molds, protozoa and algae). I won't go into details about prokaryotic cells because we're not interested in our "range" of materials. I'll just point out that these cells are devoid of individualized nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells are majorly differentiated from prokaryotes in that they contain "compartments" in which specific metabolic activities can take place.

Generally speaking, these compartments are represented by: nucleus (which has a nucleol inside), rough and smooth endoplasmic reticules, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, Golgi apparatus (in dictosome plants), cytoplasm, mitochondria, vesicles and vacuoles (specificto the animal cell that there are also: lysosomes, centrosomes with centriols not found in the plant cell which, compared to the animal, also has vesicles and cell wall)...

Of "major" importance in subsequent posts are only the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm... At least in the "thick" way...

I will now proceed with an inward-looking approach and, the first structure Encountered will obviously be the cell membrane. So, any cell has a membrane that coats the cell and separates its interior from the environment, regulating all transits from the outside to the inside and vice versa with selective permeability (only certain substances can pass or exit under certain conditions and quantities) and maintain the electrical potential of the cell (especially through the Ka and Na balance).

Then, particularly important, the membrane, through the receptors "inserted" into it, "provides" receptors for hormones and other biologically active substances in terms of cell growth and proliferation.

So, in many ways it can be said that the membrane is one of the most important constituents of the cell.

This membrane is generally made up of two lipid layers (hydrophiles) and hydrofil phosphorus molecules (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserin, phosphatidylnositol, etc. but sphingolipids, glycolipids and cholesterol are also present), this structure being called bistratified phospholipids (75% of lipids being phospholipids).

Interestingly, each of the phospholipid molecules has an approximate filamentary structure, which has a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) head (in-water) and a hydrophile (water-soluble) head facing inwards, forming with the water inside the cell a true area of adhesion (superficial tension), massively strengthening the structure thus formed (including with the "help" of cholesterol) , under "data" temperature conditions, such as body temperature.

Within this membrane are integrated a variety of molecular proteins (called transmembrane proteins or whole proteins) and glycoproteins that act like channels and pumps (ionic channels) facilitating the movement of different molecules at the entrance and exit of the cell. Also embedded are receptor proteins that allow cells to detect certain types of molecules (also with reference to proteins, amino acids) contributing to membrane control in the exercise of selective permeability.

These proteins, depending on how they are inserted into membranes are intrinsic proteins (integral - which cross the cell membrane once, such as glycophorin, or several times, such as transporter proteins, ion pumps, enzymes, receptors, ion channels) and extrinsic (peripheral - that enter the membrane over a certain distance, on one side, on one side , or are attached to the surface of the membrane, such as membrane receptors, immunological proteins, etc.

All these can participate in enzymatic reactions and cellular signaling, enter into the membrane skeleton composition of the cytoplasmic surface of the cell, provide the connection with the cytoskeleton) and many, many more.

The modes of membrane transport are represented by: macrotransport (endocytosis, transcitosis, exocytosis) which is manifested by phagocytosis, pinocytosis and endocytosis and microtransport which can be active (facilitated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis) or passive (diffusion, osmosis).

I will not "seek" to remind you of what I presented in the posts about water, I will not point out that from embryonic development the skin jumps the common source "starting" in development together with the brain but I will only make a brief emphasis...

The membrane "decides" what passes from it inwards or outwards, playing an essential role in the survival of the cell. And, its "surprising" operating mechanisms are manifested by the density of the "gates" existing in its structure...

This density is not necessarily controlled by "internal" cellular mechanisms, it is more "dependent" on environmental conditions, the presence of substances, beacons, hormones, etc. that will "request" in case of "over-presence", over time, increasing the density of "relationship" receptors/channels or, in case of failure, decreasing this density.

Both "must" retained for this level of presentation...

We have made it clear that we will not "detail" about the internal structures of the cell, but some words about organelles are needed, which will be useful to us in the descriptions in future posts.

Among these are mitochondria, which "manage" the energy processes of the cell, providing cellular energy but also own their own DNA, circular in shape, which I mentioned in previous posts.

The following organelles, as a level of importance, are represented by ribosomes, which synthesize proteins and other "materials" necessary for the functioning of the cell, followed by lysosomes that have a kind of function of the digestive system of the cell, participating in the processes of segmenting proteins into "basic components".

There would also be the endoplasmic reticulum represented by a system of membranes and vesicles connecting the different parts of the cell, "realizing" both a kind of transport system and delimitations called matrixes, the Golgi complex which produces protein-type components intended for large protein structures and the cytoskeleton consisting of microtubes and microfilaments consisting of tubular proteins participating in the internal transport of cellular substances.

Some time later (in future posts) we will be able to discover that these microtubes and microfilaments have a "functionality" that can only be described in terms of quantum physics, especially at the level of the nerve cell (neuron).

Another important "compartment" (especially in the arguments we need in "New Medicine") is represented by the cellular nucleus. Function of the presence of this cellular corpuscle "comes" and the name of the nucleated cell (eucariot), the lack of nucleus to prokaryote "emphasizing" the importance of this corpuscle.

He has a "own" structure, among his organelles noting the nuleoli but does not care in the logical course of my presentation. Importantly, the nucleus is the main storage place for the genetic material of the cell (nuclear genome) and is thus of particular importance in genetic determinism. Importance given by this specialization of storage of genetic material, prokaryotic cells (without nucleus) having all their genetic material without "nucleic delimitation"... Like many cells of the human body, for example, without taking into account the elements of the microbiome...

Another "particularity" that will seem strange is that modern research has "revealed" that the cell is fully functional, is right for a short period of time compared to the "whole cell" and without being able to "fulfill" the functions of division, when the nucleus is removed.

yes, you read it right... The nucleus has only a clear and definite function of storing information through DNA structures and, on the basis of this information to participate in specific cell processes. That's all... Details of these realities in future posts.

Returning to the genetic material in the nucleus, it is represented by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The DNA of eukaryote is organized into one or more linear molecules, called chromosomes, that are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal DNA is stored in the nucleus of the cell, in humans the nuclear genome is made up of 23 pairs of such molecules. Some eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria, also contain DNA (mitochondrial genome).

And we're going to elaborate a little bit, hence things getting as complicated as possible for the "least connoisseurs"... I'll start with the RNA (and you'll see later for what reasons)...

The RNA molecule is a polynucleotide formed by the copolymerization of ribonucleotides. A ribonucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a pentosis and a phosphate. The RNA molecule is monocatenar (it consists of a single polynucleotide chain, being a similar macromolecular complex, structurally and functionally, in many respects, to DNA).

Different types of RNA are found in cells, their proportion being: a large amount is represented by ribosomal RNA (80-90% of cellular RNA), transport RNA (10-15%) and only a small amount of messenger RNA, regulator RNA and catalytic RNA (or ribozyme) (less than 5%).

Ribosomal RNA is a main constituent of ribosomes, cellular structures at which protein synthesis is performed (implicitly the translation of proteins, i.e. the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides).

The transport RNA fixes amino acids and transports them by positioning them next to a codon during the translation process.

Messenger RNA is the RNA that will serve as a pattern for protein synthesis.

Catalytic RNA (ribozyme) is intended to catalyze chemical reactions of cleavage or transesterification in the absence of enzyme proteins that play a role in, of course, the cellular processing of proteins.

We left behind the regulatory RNA because it plays a role in regulating gene expression (it has two main forms of action: antisense RNA that is involved in the formation of double-catenae RNA structures and large regulatory RNA that intervenes in stopping gene expression and others).

The cellular functions of RNA are represented by: the temporary support function of genetic information (role performed by messenger RNA, which transforms the genetic information necessary for protein synthesis from DNA located in the nucleus to RNA located in ribosomes), enzyme catalyst function (in amino acid and protein modification processes), enzyme guide function (such as the null RNA , telomeric RNA, etc.), the function of regulator of gene expression (such as antisense RNA involved in the repression of one or more genes), role in translation (transportation of amino acids and their positioning during protein synthesis) and support of genetic information...

DNA, chemically speaking, is a nucleic acid, a polynucleotide. It is a compound in which a limited set of nucleotides is repeated, which is why it is also referred to as a "statistical copolymer" (copolymer - in the sense that it is a polymer in which several "reasons", monomers that are nuleotides, and statistically - in the sense that monomers are repeated randomly in the polymer chain , without them being willing alternately or after any other repetitive arrangement).

DNA is mainly present in the nucleus of the cell, in chromosomes, but it can also be found at the mitochondrial level (where its structure is no longer unique, specific to that life form but, has some differences such as that it no longer has the double-helix spiral shape so well known but has a circular shape... And there are many differences...

For example, the genetic line is much easier to track with mitochondrial DNA... but we'll come back here).

In its structure (made up of several elements) only the heterocyclic bases represented by the purinic (adenine and guanine) and the pyrimidine bases (cytosine and thimine - which at RNA is replaced by uracil) are generally interested.

Within the spiral-shaped propeller (double spiral) in the form of a spiral staircase, the pyrimidine remnants of the monomer are oriented inwards, forming with the purinic remnants of the other monomer "step" of the ladder, while the pentos form its arms, from one double unit to another (i.e. from one purinic-pyrimidine torque to the next), the bond being made by the phosphate groups (through their oxygen atoms).

The links between purine and pyrimidine residues are molecular and not chemical in nature, as they are hydrogen bonds (allowing, where appropriate, the release of these bonds by RNA).

At this point I can point out that there is an extreme specialization at the level of RNA, a structure that meets the "forms of movement, selection, specialization" of genetic information compared to DNA which is only a "static" element... And I'll clarify these "details" in future posts...

But, it should be noted that the main role of DNA is the stable "storage" of information (in the form of a true code - hence the name "genetic code", specific to each individual life form) necessary for the synthesis of proteins and other specific elements, information that is produced and "used" by the various forms of RNA in all related processes.

And finally, it is good to point out that, in addition to the high effective stability of DNA, evolution has "supplemented" the protection of this stability, "dressing" the DNA chains, giving rise to the structures called "chromosomes" by specialists...

I'm sorry about the use of these terms "particularly technical" but, my first step in addressing the topics is to conform to the current science, to the terms of traditional medicine, which "reduce" everything to the most basic elements of what it analyzes...

Probably a few next posts (2-3) will be full of technical stuff but, when we move on to the specific elements of the new medicine, things will become pleasant again (hopefully!!!) ...

It's Thursday, the weekend's coming over us!!! Have a good day and a good day !!!

Dorin, Merticaru